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The Munich tramway is the tramway network for the city of Munich in Germany. Today it is operated by the municipally owned Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (the Munich Transport Company, or MVG) and is known officially and colloquially as the ''Tram''. Previous operators have included ''Société Anonyme des Tramways de Munich'', the ''Münchner Trambahn-Aktiengesellschaft'', the ''Städtische Straßenbahnen'' and the ''Straßenbahn München''. The tram network interconnects with the MVG's bus network, the Munich U-Bahn and the Munich S-Bahn, all of which use a common tariff as part of the Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Munich Transport and Tariff Association, or MVV) transit area. As of 2012, the daytime tram network comprises 13 lines〔 and is long with 165 stops. There is also a night tram service with four routes.〔 The network is operated by 106 trams (as of 2012),〔 and transported 98 million people in 2010 and 104 million people in 2012.〔 ==History== The tramway started in 1876, with a horsecar service.〔 The first tramways extended from Karlsplatz (Stachus), which remains one of central nodes of Munich's tram network. Two years later, the ''Société Anonyme des Tramways de Munich'' was founded. In 1882, the ''Münchner Trambahn-Aktiengesellschaft'' (MTAG) was founded.〔 Electric trams were introduced in 1895,〔 and in 1900, the last horsecar was taken out of service.〔 In 1907, MTAG was taken over by the city, and changed its name to ''Städtische Straßenbahnen''. In 1919, the municipal agency ''Münchner Straßenbahnen'' was established. After World War II ended in 1945, only twenty tram lines remained; of 444 trams, only 168 were in operational condition. In 1956, the first new tram line after the war was opened.〔 The 1972 Munich Olympic Games presaged a major expansion of public transport in the city. In 1965, construction of the Munich U-Bahn, the city's rapid transit system, was started. It opened in 1971, the same year as the transit authority MVV was founded. In 1972 a new S-Bahn network opened that, like the U-Bahn, was carried in new tunnels under the city centre. As these networks grew, they seemed to threaten the tram network, with extensive line closures in favour of the new modes.〔 Such closures continued into the 1990s, but in 1991 the city council passed a plan to upgrade and modernize the tramway, as the trams were seen to be a better fit to expected passenger flows on many routes. Three years later, Class R2 low-floor trams were introduced, along with a night network. These were followed, in 1999, by the larger class R3 trams. In 2001, the voltage on which the trams operate was increased from 600 to 750 V. The following year the MVG was formed.〔〔 In 2009 the brand new route 23 was opened.〔 This route acts as a feeder route for U-Bahn lines U3 and U6, to which it connects in an elaborate terminus above Münchner Freiheit U-Bahn station. The line has no interchanges with other tram routes, but is linked to the rest of the tram network by a connecting track that carries no public service.〔 At the same time,February 2009, class S trams (Variotram) were introduced. In December 2011 an extension was opened from the previous Effnerplatz terminus to St. Emmeram.〔 The extension was long and added seven new tram stops to the network. Tram route 16 was extended to serve St. Emmeram, with knock-on effects on routes 17, 18 and 27.〔 In December 2012 new routes 22 and 28 were opened. In December 2013, the extension of route 19 line, from its previous terminus at Pasing-Marienplatz to München-Pasing train station, was opened in order to enable better interchange with S-Bahn and long-distance train services. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trams in Munich」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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